Obesity and Health Risks

• An estimated 300,000 deaths per year may be attributable to obesity.
• The risk of death rises with increasing weight.
• Even moderate weight excess (10 to 20 pounds for a person of average height) increases the risk of death, particularly among adults aged 30 to 64 years.
• Individuals who are obese (BMI > 30) have a 50 to 100% increased risk of premature death from all causes, compared to individuals with a healthy weight.

• Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult-onset diabetes or non insulin-dependent diabetes.
• Type 2 diabetes is a disease in which blood sugar levels are above normal.
• High blood sugar is a major cause of early death, heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, and blindness.
• Being overweight causes cells to change, making them less effective at using sugar from the blood. This then puts stress on the cells that produce insulin (a hormone that carries sugar from the blood to cells) and makes them gradually fail.
• A weight gain of 11 to 18 pounds increases a person's risk of developing type 2 diabetes to twice that of individuals who have not gained weight.
• Over 80% of people with diabetes are overweight or obese.

• Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. , and stroke is the third leading cause.
• Heart disease means that the heart and circulation (blood flow) are not functioning normally. If you have heart disease, you may suffer from a heart attack, congestive heart failure, sudden cardiac death, angina (chest pain), or abnormal heart rhythm.
• During a stroke, blood and oxygen do not flow normally to the brain, possibly causing paralysis or death.
• Very high blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides (blood fats) can also lead to heart disease and often are linked to being overweight.
• A weight gain of 20 pounds doubles your risk of heart disease.

• Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U.S.
• Cancer occurs when cells in one part of the body grow abnormally or out of control and possibly spread to other parts of the body.
• Being overweight may increase the risk of developing several types of cancer, like cancers of the colon, esophagus, and kidney, uterine and postmenopausal breast cancer in women.
• Being overweight might cause the fat cells to make hormones that affect cell growth and lead to cancer.

Sleep Apnea

• Sleep apnea is a condition in which a person stops breathing for short periods during the night.
• A person who has sleep apnea may suffer from daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, and even heart failure.
• An overweight person may have more fat stored around his or her neck. This may make the airway smaller making breathing difficult, loud (snoring), or stop altogether. In addition, fat stored in the neck and throughout the body can produce substances that cause inflammation. Inflammation in the neck may be a risk factor for sleep apnea.

• Osteoarthritis is a common joint disorder. With osteoarthritis, the joint bone and cartilage (tissue that protects joints) wear away. Osteoarthritis most often affects the joints of the knees, hips, and lower back.
• Extra weight may place extra pressure on joints and cartilage, causing them to wear away.
• In addition, people with more body fat may have higher blood levels of substances that cause inflammation. Inflammation at the joints may raise the risk for osteoarthritis.
• The symptoms of osteoarthritis - pain, stiffness and loss of mobility are worse in very overweight people as joints are put under pressure.
• For every 2-pound increase in weight, the risk of developing arthritis is increased by 9 to 13%.

• Gallstones are clusters of solid material that form in the gallbladder. They are made mostly of cholesterol and can sometimes cause abdominal or back pain.
• Being overweight and eating a diet high in fat, particularly saturated fat, is a major contributor to the formation of gallstones.
  Overweight people may produce more cholesterol, a risk factor for gallstones.
• Overweight people may have an enlarged gallbladder, which may not work properly.
• Symptoms of gallstones include severe pain in the upper right abdomen which often seems to spread to the right shoulder.

• Fatty liver disease occurs when fat builds up in the liver cells and causes injury and inflammation in the liver.
• It can sometimes lead to severe liver damage, cirrhosis (build-up of scar tissue that blocks proper blood flow in the liver), or even liver failure.

• Gout is a joint disease caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood.
• Uric acid sometimes forms into solid stone or crystal masses that get deposited in the joints.
• It is more common in overweight people and the risk of developing the disorder increases with higher body weights.

• Obese women experience menstrual irregularities and infertility.
• Obesity during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of death in both the baby and the mother and increases the risk of maternal high blood pressure by 10 times.
• Obese women during pregnancy are more likely to have gestational diabetes and problems with labor and delivery.
• Infants born to obese are more likely to be high birthweight and, therefore, may face a higher rate of Cesarean section delivery and low blood sugar (which can be associated with brain damage and seizures).
• Obesity during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of birth defects, particularly neural tube defects, such as spina bifida.

• Emotional suffering may be one of the most painful parts of obesity. In a society, which idolizes slimness, overweight people feel unattractive.
• Obese people often face prejudice or discrimination in the job market, at school, and in social situations. Feelings of rejection, shame, or depression are common.

• Being overweight is an important risk factor for high blood pressure.
• For example, if you are 20% overweight (i.e. obese), you are eight times more likely to suffer from high blood pressure than someone of normal weight.

• Varicose veins are veins that permanently dilate because the valves in the veins have weakened. Blood pools in the veins instead of being pumped back around the body.
• Excess weight contributes to varicose veins and losing weight is a good way to treat them.